Why I Want To Be A Nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why I Want To Be A Nurse - Essay Example When facing difficult illnesses or generic hospitalization for infirmities, the patient will often express himself or herself in relation to problems they perceive in treatment or health concerns. The nurse must use active listening to understand the catalysts and rationale of the problem, offering explanations to try to address these problems with psychological, social, cultural or even spiritual discussion (Campinha-Bacote, 2011). The patient, in this situation, is looking for advocacy from the nursing professional as they are often the most visible and routine figure available as it is associated with quality patient care. Through the patient-centered approach, the nursing professional is able to instill a sense of security with the patient, one of the most fundamental motivators related to emotional needs (Craven, Hirnle & Jensen, 2013). Security needs include not only fundamental shelter; it includes a need to feel free of health burdens and feeling free from danger (Craven et a l, 2013). This is why nursing has always been an attractive career path, as the potential positive benefits of meeting patient needs secures my own fundamental needs for caring, assistance, and protecting general human welfare. The patient-centered approach provides the nurse the ability to secure a sense of well-being in the patient, which can further assist in creating self-esteem for those who desperately need to be respected and supported while coping with difficult health issues. My own needs related to the intrinsic fulfillment associated with social compassion and social empathy can be fulfilled through nursing as it provides a direct outlet for self-fulfillment and, in many ways, self-actualization as it relates to career goals. Being an advocate for someone in need is personally rewarding and the thoughtful considerations that a person who has been assisted offers post-advocacy are personally gratifying. Since

Project Management Essay Example for Free

Project Management Essay Project management tool is important for any project management to achieve success. Effective management are with out doubt requires the use of a set of tools that enables plan development and tracking and to be able to foresee or predict the outcome of the project. Among the widely used tool of management is the Cost Business Analysis which is used to determine if a project will be worthwhile. The analysis is performed prior to implementation of project plans and is based on time-weight estimates of costs and predicted value of benefits. This management tool is very important because it provides necessary and precise information about the project cost factors that includes labor, materials, and resources. This tool also provide estimate of the cost factors in terms of dollar amounts and expenditure period. More importantly, it helps the management decide if the project will be implemented or if the project will be beneficial. Another important project management tools that could provide project managers gain insights of the potential success of the project is the Project Plan. Thomas Pyzdek stressed that project plan â€Å"shows the why and the how of a project† (p. 535). Pyzdek noted that a good project plan include â€Å"a statement of the goal a cost/benefit analysis, a feasibility analysis, a listing of the major steps to be taken, a timetable for completion, and a description of the resources required to carry out the project† (p. 535). But the most important benefit that the project manager can get from having a good plan is that it helps identify â€Å"objective measures of success that will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed changes† (p. 35). The importance of having a project plan is that it provides a vehicle for discussing each worker’s role and responsibilities; this helps direct and control the work of the project. It also provide idea how the parts fit together, for coordinating related activities, and it provides a clear of the objective when it is reached and when the project ends. Among the project management tools used by project managers are the PERT-CPM-type, Gantt chart, and other web-based applications such as Primavera Project Planner, Project KickStart, and many others. PERT-CPM-type is recommended for large-scale projects that require more rigorous planning, scheduling, and coordinating of numerous interrelated activities such as in military establishment. Gantt chart on the other hand is also a very useful project management especially in planning and scheduling projects. Its strength is in monitoring the progress of project from the start of the project until its finish date. Three of the leading software nowadays such as GanttProject, Primavera and KickStart are the number one choice of the professionals because they are very accurate and cost-saving. GanttProject is a Gantt chart based in Java; however, the project can run on Windows or Linux (linux. com). The tool allows for a wide-ranging activity such as breaking the activities into tasks and assign human resources to perform the tasks. Primavera (P3) is more affordable and it can manage the toughest kind of project and activities in a very short duration of time; information can be accessed throughout the company. Project KickStart on the other hand is easy to use and is designed for small to medium scale projects. This helps the managers to identify the different phases of the project such as goals, obstacle, and calendar (Project KickStart). Basically, each tool possesses strength and weakness; the project manager chooses the tool that suits the needs of the project. These tools provide the same services as the Office Project. They are simpler and convenient to use unlike MS Excel where some commands may not be provided to get the required information. Also, it is limited in terms of access to Web and multiple users.

Locked Out :: Short Stories Crime Violence Papers

Locked Out Death is a small price to pay for respect--the words spilled from the headphones like crude oil. Erway Dewey listened to the music barely hearing the lyrics. The words were dark and damaging but soothed the roughness of the harsh surroundings. It didn't matter what the words said anyway, Erway thought, it ain't real life. Erway stood in the shadow that the old warehouse doorway cast against the rising sun. He hoped the bus wouldn't take much longer because although the building sheltered him against the wind, it was cold and snowing. Today, like most other school days, he got up early so he could lift weights and play a game of basketball in the gym with his friends. It was quiet on North Avenue this early in the morning. In the afternoons, sometimes it was so loud you could shout and no one would hear. As he waited, Erway tried to remember what he had done when he got up this morning. Only forty-five minutes had passed but it was already a blur. He remembered going to the bathroom, but that was about it. The hunger in his stomach reminded him that he hadn't eaten anything since last night. I'll get somethin' when I get to school, Erway thought. A slight alarm swept over Erway's body; he fingered his coat pocket for his bus pass. The smooth plastic calmed him. He had forgotten it the day before and had to walk back home to get it, missing the early bus. A tall shadow appeared from around the corner of the warehouse. It was too dark outside to distinguish faces. Erway's body tensed up as he prepared for a confrontation. Would he be robbed, stabbed, shot, or just beaten? Erway stood still, cocked like a pistol ready to fire; to run or fight. As the man came closer Erway realized it was the same man he'd seen yesterday. It was just some older guy going to work or something who caught the same bus. As he came closer Erway could see he was smoking a cigarette. Cigarette smoke and the smoke from warm breath meeting cold air danced a desperate tango and disappeared in the darkness. "Hey," the man said to Erway, looking past him. "Hey," Erway replied coolly, maintaining his casual slump in the doorway. "First bus come, yet?" "Naw, not yet," Erway exhaled heavily.

Differences in Competencies: Associate Versus Baccalaureate Nurse Essay

The field of nursing has come a long way. It was once considered to be a profession for that of the less fortunate. But as the years went by the field of nursing has made drastic changes in that of schooling and duties of the nurse. No longer has the field of nursing considered for those who has nothing else to do or those of less fortunate, but over the years education has played an important role in the success of this profession. In the eighteen century, nursing were considered to be more hands on, but theories saw the need for a more formal education. Over the years, there have been debates about the entry level for nursing. Some say there’s no difference between the associate (ADN) and the baccalaureate (BSN) degree. In the following paragraphs I will expound on the differences between the ADN and the BSN degree. The ADN program came about because of the shortage in nursing in the post-war years. It is a two year program developed by Mildred Montag designed as an entry level for nursing. Friberg, 2011, p. 14). The outcome of this program was very successful. It yielded the same results and those who had completed the five year program by successfully passing the licensure examination for nurses. Because of this great success the ADN program went full force into action. The ADN program became more popular. It now opens the door for those who were not able to attend the five year program. It worked well for older ladies, especially those who were married, and certainly more cost effective. (Friberg, 2011, p. 15). Nurses at the associate and the baccalaureate level are taught in nursing schools to use the nursing process. This is a tool that is set up for nurses to help the patient recover from their current illnesses, and also to aid the physicians in treating their patients. The nursing process includes assessing the patient or situation, diagnose the patient using nursing diagnosis and gathering pertinent information, developed a care plan on how the needs of the patient will be met, put those plan into action and monitor the patient to see if any changes need to be made to the current interventions. The American Association of Colleges of nursing (AACN) states the difference between the associate and baccalaureate level as that of theory, research, public and community health and that management. (AACN, 2012). Both programs take the same exit exam, the NCLEX to become a registered nurse in order to practice in their own state.. At the BSN level the nurse can take on leadership responsibilities. You may find them as charge nurses, managers, and even as bedside leaders as on the unit that I currently work. Because their training consists more of research; you may also find them to be more efficient with the nursing process. They are able to think fast in an emergency situation and developing a plan of action. Because of their leadership skills they are able to delegate the right task especially to new nurses or those flexing from another floor. My charge nurse currently has her BSN and when in doubt or have questions about a doctor’s order she is always quick in examining the order and ready to make suggestions based on her leadership skills. Three weeks ago I had a fresh post-operative patient from PACU. Upon arrival his blood pressure was 109/62 and heart rate 88. At four A. M. the tech called me and said that the patient’s Bp was 88/55. I immediately lowered the patient’s head and raised his feet, waited for fifteen minutes, then retake his BP. The new reading shows 99/56. Based on the patient’s baseline I was ok with that. I delegate to the tech to retake BP in an hour. An hour later it went even lower. I then went to the charge nurse who has her BSN to let him know of the situation and my plan of action. He immediately got a different BP machine and went to the patient’s room explained what we’re doing and that if his BP is still low we will need to call the emergency response team. To our surprised the patient’s BP was in the low 100’s. At that moment I was not thinking about changing the machine, but he being trained critically was able to think quick in coming up with another plan. I do understand that practice becomes perfect, but the level of education of my charge nurse sure did make a difference. Some say there’s no difference in the competencies of the ADN level versus the BSN level. Based on my own personal experiences and that of the theories, it does demonstrate that those trained with a higher level of education are more versed to critically think their way through problems and act quickly. According to Grand Canyon University philosophers, students are educated to provide, direct, and evaluate client-centered care while focusing on the person as an integrated whole. Baccalaureate degrees also broaden your job search. There are more positions available at this level, than that of the associate level. Most hospitals i. e. Emory no longer employ nurses with an associate degree. A lady once said to me that whatever I am now doing will not take me to where I am going. So it is with the associate degree, based on theological and scientifically advancement, the associate degree will not take us much further throughout this profession.

Suzanne Britt and Dave Barry

Thing over with so they can sit down and watch the rasslin’ on TV. Neat people operate on two Unvarying principles: Never handle any item twice, and throw everything away. She starts her thoughts by describing the mindset of a sloppy person specialty. In Britt’s view sloppy people are superior to neat people since neat people are lazy, wasteful, and mean. Lazy, mean, wasteful, and insensitive are categories to explain her contrast difference. â€Å"A precise plan, that is so stupendous, so perfect it can’t be achieved in this word or the next’ ’Britt 255. Neat people are bums and clods at heart† Britt 256. Dave Barry stated and his essay â€Å" Batting Clean-Up n Striking Out† Modern people often ask â€Å"How come when the ashes falling the Pompeii people didn’t just leave? The answer is that in Pompeii it was the custom for the men to do the homework. They never even noticed the ash until it had for most part covered the chil dren â€Å"Hey! The men said (in Latin). It’s might quiet around here! † With these three example side by side, They both â€Å"Neat People Vs.Sloppy People†, and â€Å" Batting Clean-Up n Striking Out†. Both are Lazy people but have very distinct differences. It shows the clear difference in how Britt and Barry are Incapable of being mean, unaware, and acknowledge. Dave Barry explains how Women are sensitive to things like dirt and cleaning Barry use the story of how his wife still notice dirt in the bathroom after he just clean it, and him and his wife were invited to a friend house for stimulating conversation on the night of a world Series Baseball Game.Example Barry wife ask him to clean Roberts bathroom watch I believe are there son Barry got the spray bottle of Windex and a wad of paper towels and Barry began to clean the bathroom a little while later Barry wife ask â€Å"I hate to rush you, but could you do Roberts bathroom? It’s really fi lthy†. As Barry stated when you used the word â€Å"filthy† to

Visual Arts Research Paper Example

Visual Arts Research Paper Example Visual Arts Paper Visual Arts Paper â€Å"Artist often refer or reference that which was gone before† Discuss the statement using the Renaissance artists and their interest in Classical and Hellenistic Greek concepts. The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century. â€Å"Renaissance† means â€Å"re-birth† and refers to the re-birth of classical styles of learning. Also the Renaissance period considered education particularly in the arts, like philosophy, architecture and the visual arts – in general ways of viewing the world as it truly was rather than as â€Å"The Church† dictated. The Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art continued to inspire many generations of European artists. Looking further into the 19th century, the Classical traditions derived from the Classical and Hellenistic Greek periods have continued to dominate the art of the western world. The Classical period saw changes in the style and functions of sculpture. The poses become more naturalistic and the technical skill of these Greek sculptors increased. They were able to depict the human form in a variety of poses which were life like and real. From about 500 BC, the statues began to depict real people. E. g. the statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton   displayed in Athens to mark the overthrow of the  tyranny  were said to be the first public monuments to actual people. The difficultly in creating an aesthetically real person and technical challenge stimulated much in the way of sculptural innovation during the Classical and Hellenistic Greek periods of history. Unfortunately, for us today, these works survive only in fragments, The Most famous examples surviving today are The  Parthenon Marbles†, half of which are in the  British Museum in England. In the Classical period there were many different sculptors who produced many lives like realistic works. Some of these artists or artisans include: Phidias which oversaw the design and building of the Parthenon. Praxiteles, another great Classical sculptor made the female nude respectable for the first time. This was in the later part of the Classical period in the mid-4th century BC. But the greatest works of the Classical period are considered to be the statue of Zeus at Olympia and the statue of Athena at the Parthenos. The whole point of the Renaissance is that Europeans particularly the Italians to begin with, were looking to the Classical and Hellenistic Greek teachings and giving re-birth to their explorations. Renaissance artisans were looking back to a time of great knowledge, innovation and development. They reinvestigated the human form and true human proportion. Michelangelo produced a 5m tall â€Å"David† from a solid block of white marble. His work based on the biblical David from the Goliath story is truly amazing because of its considerable consideration of the audience perspective, its accurate proportion from this vantage point and the life like stance. David† was actually based on the Classical sculptures that depicted the Greek Adonis or beautiful male athlete of the original Olympic Games. The transition from the Classical to the Hellenistic periods occurred during the 4th century BC. Following the conquests of Alexander the Great, Here Greek art became more diverse and influenced by other cultures of people who were drawn into the Greek orbit. And in the view of some art historia ns, it also declined in quality and originality. Many of the sculptures previously considered as Classical masterpieces turned out to be of the later Hellenistic age. The technical ability of the Hellenistic sculptor was clearly in evidence in such major works as the â€Å"Winged victory of Samothrace† and the â€Å"Pergamon Altar†. During this period, sculpture became more and more naturalistic. Common people, women, children, animals and domestic scenes became acceptable subjects for sculpture, which was commissioned by wealthy families for the adornment of their homes and gardens. These sculptors no longer felt obliged to depict people as ideals of beauty or physical perfection. Hellenistic sculpture was also marked by an increase in scale, which culminated in the â€Å"Colossus of Rhodes† which was made during the late 3rd Century BC. People of the Renaissance were exploratory and innovative. To explore and invent the Renaissance people looked back to the knowledge, ideas and skills of the Classical Greeks and Hellenistic periods. Of course, the Renaissance developed into its own style because it was an interpretation of classical learning more than anything. Renaissance artists, writers and learners looked back to the Greeks for information and inspiration. Many artworks of the time feature Greek deities and so on, even though people stopped believing in the long before. An example of this could be Botticelli’s Venus. Here although to us the scene is mythical Venus is again perfectly proportioned like Michelongelo’s â€Å"David†. Venus also has the same contrapposto stance which was originally developed during the Classical Greek period. This method of posing the subject gave the subject life because it illustrated a three dimensional idea which meant the subject looked like they were alive and moving through real space. As has been illustrated Renaissance artists were definitely influenced by â€Å"that which had gone before†. They used â€Å"the Golden Mean† rules for human proportion, they used imagery from Greek legends and they revisited the contrapposto stance to give their subjects life. It is impossible for any artist of any period not to be influenced by that which has gone before because society is always looking back to improve the future. An artist’s practice cannot avoid being influenced by â€Å"that which has gone before†. Rather than a period with definitive beginnings and endings and consistent content in between, the Renaissance can be seen as a movement of practices and ideas to which specific groups and identifiable persons variously responded in different times and places. They are influenced genuinely by the classical and Hellenistic part of Greek art. Shown through the artist of the renaissance, example Michelangelo which produced a 5m David. This would be in this network of diverse, sometimes converging, sometimes conflicting cultures that the Renaissance changed our imagination and our view of how we see our world for all time.

Inaccuracies in Gladiator essays

Inaccuracies in Gladiator essays In 1500 BCE, a tribe of Latins moved into Italy along the Tiber River, and eventually founded the city of Rome. Rome had a city-state government and, in 753 BC, was invaded by the Etruscans. The Etruscans built buildings, roads, and city walls; and thus transformed Rome into one of the most powerful cities in the Mediterranean. In general, Roman gladiators were condemned criminals, prisoners of war, or slaves bought for the purpose of gladiatorial combat. Professional gladiators were free men who volunteered to participate in the games. The movie Gladiator, directed by Ridley Scott in the year 2000, is a movie about classical Rome that is riddled with historical inaccuracies. The plot of this movie portrays a Roman general, having been sentenced to die for not supporting the new emperor, escaping and then seeking out revenge upon the corrupt ruler. Characters that did not exist, battles that never occurred, and frequent misapprehensions about the Roman government and gladiators are f ound throughout the movie Gladiator, a movie that, although entertaining, is overflowing with historical inaccuracies. In the movie Gladiator, many characters are made-up, and if they were once real, were completely changed to help the plot of the movie and make it more entertaining for the public. The overlooking of much historical material on Commodus, one of the main characters and a man who actually existed in the classical Roman era, is a mainstay in this movie. One accuracy about Commodus was that he was enthralled with shows of beast hunting, chariot racing, and gladiatorial combat; he even trained himself in those skills and eventually fought in the public arena as a gladiator. Except for his documented love of the games, there is not much that is historical about Gladiators portrayal of Commodus. In the movie he seems to be in his mid-to-late twenties with dark hair, when in all actuality, ...

Definition and Examples of Multiple Exclamation Marks

Definition and Examples of Multiple Exclamation Marks An  exclamation point  (!)  is a mark of  punctuation  used after a word, phrase, or sentence that expresses a strong emotion. It ends emphatic statements, says English Grammar Punctuation, a reference guide. William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White, in their famous Elements of Style,  say that: The exclamation mark is to be reserved for after true exclamations and commands. And Merriam-Websters Guide to Punctuation and Style  notes that the exclamation point is used to mark a forceful comment or exclamation. It is also called an  exclamation mark  or tellingly, in newspaper jargon, a  shriek. These sources and others may define it with different vocabulary, but they all agree on one thing: The exclamation point is possibly the most overused punctuation mark in the English language.  Multiple exclamation points  (or marks)- two or, often, three exclamation marks  (!!!) following a word or sentence- should be even rarer still in good writing. History The exclamation point was first used by printers at the end of the 15th century, according to  Thomas MacKellar, in his 1885 book, The American Printer: A Manual of Typography. MacKellar also noted that the punctuation meant admiration or exclamation as well as surprise, astonishment, rapture, and the like sudden emotions of the mind. The mark, itself, comes from Latin, says  Smithsonian.com: In Latin, the exclamation of joy was  io,  where the i was written above the o. And, since all their letters were written as capitals, an I with an O below it looks a lot like an exclamation point. It wasn’t until 1970 that the exclamation point had its own key on the keyboard, the Smithsonian notes, adding that before that you had to type a period, and then use the backspace to go back and stick an apostrophe above it. When executives dictated to secretaries, they would say bang to indicate the exclamation point, leading to the term  interbang,  a  nonstandard punctuation  mark in the form of a question mark superimposed on an exclamation point (sometimes appearing as ?!).  It is used to end a rhetorical question or a simultaneous question and exclamation. Some writers, then, began using  multiple exclamation points  as a logical outgrowth of the interbang and single exclamation mark to add even more emphasis to words, phrases, and sentences. Purpose The use of the exclamation point- and, even more so, multiple exclamation points- has been met with plenty of controversy and criticism. Smithsonian notes this less-than-pleased response  by F. Scott Fitzgerald to the use of multiple exclamation points: â€Å"Cut out all those exclamation marks. An exclamation mark is like laughing at your own jokes.† Author Elmore Leonard was even more incensed by their use: â€Å"You are allowed no more than two or three per 100,000 words of prose.† Leonard also said that use of  multiple exclamation points  is the sign of a diseased mind. Still, exclamation points do have a purpose in the English language, according to the late  Rene Jack Cappon, a longtime editor at the Associated Press and author of  The Associated Press Guide to Punctuation. Cappon said that exclamation points are certainly not subtle; instead, they act like a kettle drum, noisily calling readers attention to a given word, phrase, or sentence. Echoing the very earliest use of this punctuation mark, Cappon says you should use exclamation points to convey pain, fear, astonishment, anger, and disgust, as in: â€Å" Ouch! My toes! cries one, a bowling ball dropped on his foot. Somebody  help  me! screams a damsel in distress. Look, a real unicorn! Astonishment. Get thee behind me, Satan! Rage and disgust. Cappon notes that you rarely run into emotional outbursts like these, so you should use single or multiple exclamation points sparingly. He and other grammar and punctuation experts point out that you should generally let the words speak for themselves, set off by a simple  period,  comma, or  semicolon. Otherwise, you risk damaging your credibility by constantly yelling at your readers, similar to someone screaming fire in a crowded theater, even when there is not a hint of smoke. Rules for Using Exclamation Marks Richard Bullock, Michal Brody, and Francine Weinberg note in the The Little Seagull Handbook, a grammar, punctuation, and style guide used on many college campuses, that you should use exclamation points to express strong emotion or add emphasis to a statement or command. They give this example of when to use an exclamation point, from Susan Jane Gilmans Hypocrite in a Pouffy White Dress: Tales of Growing Up Groovy and Clueless, who described seeing The Rolling Stones band member Keith Richards: Keith, we shrieked as the car drove away. Keith, we love you! Encountering a member of the iconic rock band- and the shrieking that accompanied the sighting- would, indeed, call for at least one exclamation point- and perhaps more!!!- to emphasize the excitement of the moment. Another example of when to use exclamation points is illustrated in this pithy quote from Tennessee Williams in Camino Real. Make voyages! Attempt them! Theres nothing else. You can also use multiple exclamation points in  informal  or comic writing, or to express  sarcasm, as in:   I loved your last email! OMG did I LOVE it!!! The point is that the writer of the above sentences didnt really love the email. She was being  ironic, which the multiple exclamation points help to show. Additionally, David Crystal, in Making a Point: The Persnickety Story of English Punctuation, gives these examples where the  contexts  dictate when exclamation marks would be acceptable, even expected: Interjections -  Oh!Expletives -  Damn!Greetings -  Happy Xmas!!!Calls -  Johnny!Commands -  Stop!Expressions of surprise -  What a mess!!!Emphatic statements -  I want to see you now!Attention-getters -  Listen carefully!Loud speech in dialogue -  Im in the garden!Ironic comments -  He paid, for a change!  or . . .  for a change (!)Strong mental attitudes -  Hardly! he thought But there are many other instances where you should omit exclamation points, as in this example from The Little Seagull Handbook. It was so close, so low, so huge and fast, so intent on its target that I swear to you, I swear to you, I felt the vengeance and rage emanating from the plane.- Debra Fontaine, Witnessing Bill Walsh, the late copy chief for the  Washington Post, noted in The Elephants of Style: A Trunkload of Tips on the Big Issues and Gray Areas of Contemporary American English that you should omit exclamation points (and other punctuation marks) when they are, essentially, gimmicky decorations for company names. So, says Walsh, you would write Yahoo,  not Yahoo! The Associated Press Stylebook also notes that you place exclamation points within quote marks when they are part of the quoted material, as in: How wonderful! he exclaimed.Never! she shouted. But place exclamation points outside of quotation marks when they are not part of the quoted material: I hated reading Spensers Faerie Queene! And never use other punctuation marks, such as a comma, after an exclamation point: Wrong: Halt!, the corporal cried.Right: Halt! the corporal cried. So, when using exclamation points remember that less is more. Use this punctuation mark- whether it be one, two, or three exclamation points- only when the context calls for it. Otherwise, let your prose speak for themselves and save the mighty exclamation point for extreme circumstances, for heavens sake!!!

Information Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Information Policy - Essay Example Making cyber security training such as annual information assurance mandatory for all is not feasible. Institutions such as military should make it necessary as any information in the military is sensitive to national security. However, not all information is that sensitive. For example, access to class notes would not require such training as it would not pose a security threat. Such pieces of training whether in the workplace or by internet service providers might not be possible because of the hyped number of users and the costs involved. When a cyber-attack occurs, the cost of the breach is felt by the consumer, of computer-based service (Steven, Bucci, Rosenzweig & Inserra, 2013). The ISP and manufacturers of the software are not liable for the attack as per their contractual agreements. Most individuals due to lack of cyber security awareness tend to rely on antivirus protection applications. The software is for sale, and consumers who want security are encouraged to purchase them. Depending on the contractual agreements, antivirus providers can be sued if a malware commit a cyber-crime they claim they can prevent. For a stable and secure internet, three web characteristics must be preserved. The characteristics are permissionless innovation, collaboration and open access (Contreras, DeNardis & Teplinsky, 2013). ISPS, therefore, have a duty to ensure they preserve the above characteristics while providing that public access does not involve a breach of other people’s privacy. They should act when a violation of privacy occurs. According to Wired (2015), ISPs should search and shut off internet access to compromised PCs reported to them by cyber security companies. ISPs should ensure their subscribers are protected. One of the measures they should take is to blacklist a computer and users who use their Internet to commit unethical practices. ISPs should also share the information with other ISPs to ensure the dishonest users are blacklisted on

Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Lab Report Example Some of the samples were obtained near the river in a hilly place with ample cover of various types trees (Easton p38). While others were obtained away from the river, the main goal being to expose the students to experience field work, and environmental science Hypothesis that we formulated included, most soils found in wabashiki river are clay soils, the nearer the soil is on the river the higher smoother the texture, texture of soils depicts its components, the soil pH is mostly constant Every group having the relevant materials embarked into obtaining the samples for use and documentation. Each and every person within the group was expected to come up with his own samples each. Some from near the river and further away from the river; the sampling site was obtained after the purpose of the study was established thus no major sampling technique was put in place (Easton p135). The study was to take place along the river at different coordinates. The analysis of a soil sample to det ermine its nutrients and the contents contaminated and also other characteristics like the ph. Level. There were various soils testing strategies put in place some were to be done in the field so that one could obtain results as soon, as the soil was from its natural flora, and fauna to avoid defects due to transport handling and storage. Some of the testing done on the field includes crushing, feeling the texture acidity porosity trough exposure to water. The soils were obtained from flat grassy ground, and also from a hilly part near the river the following was observed, Both soils had the same average period of time, i.e. 10yrs though thee color varied as the soils obtained from the grassy flat area had a less color value than those obtained from near the river that had a higher color value. Although the two ended up having the color Chroma values of two each, the soil that was obtained from the grassy flat area was established as a sandy loam soil after cross examination. While the soil obtained from near the river was established as silty clay loam soil. Each collected sample was labeled accordingly comprising the following; group name, student initials, GPS coordinates, section number, date and sample number. Members of the group were to meet and carryout various tests within the laboratory this is where the tests for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were done. The samples were to be divided, and parts of them were dried for the purpose of carrying out tests in total more 10 samples were collected in my group five from near the river, and the other five away from the river this was executed such that each sample came from different coordinates so as to obtain well distributed samples (Easton p 220). After the tests were conducted the following was observed, the soils extracted from near the river had low contents of phosphorous while those obtained from near the river had relatively high quantities of phosphorus. All the samples tested had very low qu antities of nitrogen in them whether they were obtained from further away or near the river. The ph. of all the samples obtained was neutral at 7 points this showed that despite the fact that the samples were obtained from different places none, showed any basic or acidic characteristic. From the results, it was also noted that the all the samples obtained from the two areas, had very high contents of potassium. The tests conducted were fundamental in depicting the various characteristics of each and every sample obtained. The soil texture of the samples obtained varied. z sandy loam soil color sheet 10 color value 3 color chroma 2 ph 7 The soil texture is known as the relative composition of various soil particles size fractions in soil.

Child Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Child Marriage - Essay Example 1. The law in Yemen set the minimum age at one that is approved for marriage to be 15 years, but traditional customs more often than not continuously flout this law. However, the law was abolished in 1999 with the minimum age being set as at when the girl attains the puberty age 3. In the actual practice, it can be said that the law in Yemen allows women of any age to be able to wed, but it is forbidden to practice sex with them until they achieve the age where it is now suitable to do so 4. The law was later to be raised from the minimum age of marriage to be 18 years after a girl, Nujood Ali, 10 years of age, in April 2008 was able to be granted divorce successfully after being raped under the set circumstances 5. Much later in 2008, a council for maternal care and Childhood came up with the proposal for the minimum age to be defined at 18 years and was passed as laws in April 2009, but age was set at 17 years 6. However, inspired by Nujood Ali, Yemenis continued pushing for change with her involved in some of the rallies held. Some of these campaigns can even claim to have barred some early marriages in Yemen specifically in the State of Amran 1. This has been justified by clerics in Saudi Arabia with some even marrying off small girls who are at the age of 9 years, this being sanctioned even by law. The Saudi Arabian laws define the minimum marriage age to be as young as 8 years 2. Families take advantage of religion to condone and spread early marriages arranging for girls to be married in religious ceremonies, using the tactic of not registering officially them until the girl is of legal age. This practice disadvantages the girl, leaving her with no legal base to inherent, no alimony or support in case the husband was to pass away prematurely or divorce her 3. Middle East statistics regarding the child marriages are

Marketing Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Case Study - Essay Example The IKEA products are often referred as ‘start up furniture’ which is bought by the consumers for their first home. It is due to this reason that the company focuses on income level, age, education etc while targeting the market segment. The market has been segmented in the following manner: Segment Age Group Annual Income Level Psychology Education 1 18 - 25 >$ 34500 This particular age group has a tendency of being driven by social trends. They generally do not possess much knowledge about ethical trading. High school and College (education) 2 26 - 35 $34500 - $ 68000 This age group has knowledge related to ethical trading and they remain ready to purchase quality products by paying high prices. College and masters level (education) 3 36 - 65 >$ 69000 This age group purchases products in order to represent their self image in the peer group. Educational level does not have any influence on the purchasing behaviour of this particular age group. IKEA mainly targets the y oung group with lower income level (Business Today, 2013). The affordable price offerings increase the demand of the company’s products in the market. The college students those who belong to the young generation cover wide target market for the company as it mainly consists of those individuals who are planning to purchase furniture for 1st time. Another target segment set by IKEA on the basis of demography is the family life cycle. The company targets new families who require furniture for filling their houses but do not have high money to spend for this purpose. IKEA always provides quality products and services to these young families and they provide stores which are entirely environment friendly. The stores have specially designed playing area where the parents can keep their children at the time of shopping in order to complete it in a peaceful manner. The company targets those customers who want high value for their money invested and opt for quality products with com paratively cheap prices. Thus from the above table, target segments 1 and 2 are the target segments for IKEA. Answer 4 PESTEL Analysis Pestel analysis would help in the environmental scanning of IKEA (Lorat, 2009). Political The level of consumer taxation and corporate tax which is regulated by the political authorities of any particular country has an effect on the after-tax income of any corporation. The corporate tax rate has an impact on the profitability of the organization thereby affecting the after tax income as well. IKEA regional earnings are generally subjected to the regional tax laws. The corporate tax rate of any region has an impact on the business structure as well. The special business structure of the organization plays a vital role in the tax rate. IKEA business structure has a subsidiary model which instructs the subsidiaries of the company to abide by the regional tax rules and regulations. In addition to the corporate tax, the trade barriers such as tariff and quotas also have an effect on the businesses. The major reasons behind imposing tariffs and other trade barriers are: protecting the local employment, retaliation, national security etc. However imposition of tariff increases the prices of the products that are imported in the country. This benefits the local producers in place as they are not forced to raise the prices. In case of IKEA, their higher reliance on the local producers rather than import of the products decrease the extent of influence of tariff and other trade b

MIS case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MIS case - Research Paper Example It can produce a working schedule for every store in a matter of hours. The employees at Wal-Mart are facing an ethical dilemma by the Kronos system. The new scheduling is favored by Wal-Mart as it increases the profit margin and reduces the cost but on the other hands it is unfavorable to the employees. As scheduling for employees requires personal judgment and takes in to consideration the needs of the employees, the new software is unable to do so. The ethical dilemma that Wal-Mart will face after the complete installation of Kronos will be beyond control. This system urges the management to hire fewer numbers of employees as needed according to the number of customers at the store. This conflicting condition where employees will be asked to visit at different hours will result in an ethical dilemma as the new system will decrease the job stability of the employees. The minimum wage staff will be highly affected and may leave the company and the reputation of Wal-Mart will be badly influenced. As the employees need to fill a form for informing the hours they can be available at so that a computerized scheduling system will make a shift schedule accordingly. The ethical issue of misinforming the employee may arise if the employees fill wrong information in the form to have a shift schedule with longer hours. The high paid associated feel that the new computerized system makes them quit their job as they are unable to meet the shift requirements asked by the company which comprises of some hours in day time and late hours. If these associates quit, they will be replaced by inexperienced lower staff as this may result in poor customer service (Walmart, 2013). The ethical principle that applies in this situation is â€Å"Do unto others as you may have them do unto you.† After the computerized scheduling system, we see that the employees of Wal-Mart are dissatisfied and some are relying on opportunities where they can depend on false

Culture Analysis for the movie Bend It like Beckham Assignment

Culture Analysis for the movie Bend It like Beckham - Assignment Example The three characters, Jules and Jess convey contradictory interests of ethnicity, gender and sexuality. Jess is stranded between the traditional customs of her Indian culture and a modern English culture. She abandons her customary clothing and wears like any other English teenager and a huge interest for the national sport, which is football. Gender issues also haunt jess as she plays a traditional male sport and football was not for women. Jess’ parents and Jess show generational difference as Jess’ parents try to recruit Jess into the traditional model of an Indian woman. In addition to forcing her to cook traditional food, she also wants her to get married to an Indian man in a traditional wedding. On the other hand, Jules faces gender issues when it comes to her behavior and dress codes. Her mother also accuses her of being homosexual. She also faces generational difference as her mother expects her to live according to the traditional methods of a female behavior. This also portrays the ethnic contradictions. The reason being, she plays soccer, which is a male sport. Both characters are a good example of the different cases surrounding cultural acceptance.Both Jules and Jess share similar interests in football. The different members of their families share different views in this issue. In both cases, the female parents are not supportive of this decision by their daughters. They are the promoters of traditional customs in the family. The male parents are in support of their daughters’ decision but do this secretly.

MIS case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MIS case - Research Paper Example It can produce a working schedule for every store in a matter of hours. The employees at Wal-Mart are facing an ethical dilemma by the Kronos system. The new scheduling is favored by Wal-Mart as it increases the profit margin and reduces the cost but on the other hands it is unfavorable to the employees. As scheduling for employees requires personal judgment and takes in to consideration the needs of the employees, the new software is unable to do so. The ethical dilemma that Wal-Mart will face after the complete installation of Kronos will be beyond control. This system urges the management to hire fewer numbers of employees as needed according to the number of customers at the store. This conflicting condition where employees will be asked to visit at different hours will result in an ethical dilemma as the new system will decrease the job stability of the employees. The minimum wage staff will be highly affected and may leave the company and the reputation of Wal-Mart will be badly influenced. As the employees need to fill a form for informing the hours they can be available at so that a computerized scheduling system will make a shift schedule accordingly. The ethical issue of misinforming the employee may arise if the employees fill wrong information in the form to have a shift schedule with longer hours. The high paid associated feel that the new computerized system makes them quit their job as they are unable to meet the shift requirements asked by the company which comprises of some hours in day time and late hours. If these associates quit, they will be replaced by inexperienced lower staff as this may result in poor customer service (Walmart, 2013). The ethical principle that applies in this situation is â€Å"Do unto others as you may have them do unto you.† After the computerized scheduling system, we see that the employees of Wal-Mart are dissatisfied and some are relying on opportunities where they can depend on false

Critique of a Speech or Presentation (or editorial Essay

Critique of a Speech or Presentation (or editorial - Essay Example conomy, education, health, and foreign affairs, and in maximizing pathos to appeal to the emotions of understanding and hopefulness, although his ethos is tarnished with the disconnection between his promises of jobs and the reality of unemployment and dissatisfaction with his policies and reforms. Obama effectively uses logos to help voters understand the difference between his vision and the Republican vision. He reminds voters that they have a responsibility in choosing the right vision, which can be attained through thinking reasonably about what Republicans had done in the past. As former leaders, their policies contributed to the 2008 recession. Obama asserts his vision early in his speech: â€Å"Ours is a fight to restore the values that built the largest middle class and the strongest economy the world has ever known† (1). He is saying that the Republican vision does not offer a tangible road to the protection of the middle class and economic development. He argues that Republican policies are unclear: â€Å"They want your vote, but they don’t want you to know their plan† (2). This is effective if the voters will appreciate that it is better to take a more tangible new road from Obama than an unknown, possibly repetitive road from Republicans. More over, Obama appeals to reason when he emphasizes that people should not go back to Republicans, who have been doing the same things: â€Å"And that’s because all they had to offer is the same prescription they’ve had for the last thirty years† (2). Obama effectively reminds people that his road to economic recovery is new and ongoing. Furthermore, Obama underlines the importance of moving on and not comparing his work with past Republican administrations. He jokes about the tax resolutions of Republican administrations: â€Å"Have a surplus? Try a tax cut. Deficit too high? Try another† (2). Obama influences voters to understand that he is moving away from these tested-and-failed actions. He will continue his

How Have Western Views of Knowledge Changed over Time Essay Example for Free

How Have Western Views of Knowledge Changed over Time Essay Throughout history, cultures have held disparate views on the nature of knowledge. Epistemology, the branch of philosophy that focuses on basic questions such as: â€Å"What is knowledge? How do we know what we know? †, lies at the heart of these views. In Western culture, the answers to these basic questions have changed markedly over time. Throughout history, this evolution in philosophy has been inextricably linked to science and religion. Much of Western thought has been heavily influenced by the philosophy of the Ancient Greeks. In particular, the epistemological views of the Ancient Greeks dominated Western thought for centuries. Of all the Greek philosophers, Plato was one of the most influential. In his most famous work The Republic, Plato used the Allegory of the Cave to describe the role of sensory perception in knowledge acquisition. In his analogy, Plato described a cave in which people were chained down in such a way that prevented them from looking anywhere but forward. Behind them was a fire and in front of them was a wall that reflected shadows from that fire. The prisoner’s captors manipulated these shadows to create forms and stories. The forms and stories that the prisoners saw were the only reality that they knew. Eventually the prisoners left the cave and found true reality outside. It was only then that the prisoners understood that what they had perceived until this moment was a false perception. The Allegory of the Cave served to illustrate Plato’s epistemological views. Today, we describe Plato’s philosophical views as rationalist. He argued against reliance on sensory experience because he believed that it failed to provide us with any guarantee that what we experience was, in fact, true. He believed that the information we get by relying on sensory experience is constantly changing and often unreliable. It can be evaluated only by appealing to higher principles that do not change. In the Allegory of the Cave, Plato was comparing our sensory perception to the shadows on the wall of the cave. Plato saw us as the chained prisoners unable to know anything but this false reality. Only by leaving the cave and ascending to higher orders of thought are we able to know true reality. Implicit in this view was the belief that true knowledge cannot be found through empirical investigation. According to Plato, empirical knowledge was merely opinion. Only thought and abstract reasoning could produce true knowledge. The rationalist view of epistemology dominated much of Western thought for centuries. Eventually, progress in science during the Renaissance changed this. One of the first to change these dominant views was Andreas Vesalius. In 1543, Vesalius published De Humanis Corporis Fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body), an elaborately illustrated atlas of human anatomy. While Vesalius’ published work had significant historical importance in the field of medicine, his most enduring legacy was his revolutionary challenge of the medical conventions of his day. For centuries, physicians had relied on reading texts from Galen for medical knowledge rather than participating in the direct dissection of human corpses. Vesalius promoted the practice of dissection and hands on experience. By overthrowing the Galenic tradition and relying on his own observations, Vesalius was advocating an empirical understanding of the human body. This shift from rationalism to empiricism became one of the defining characteristics of the Scientific Revolution. In direct contrast to rationalism, empiricism emphasized the acquisition of knowledge through direct observation and experiment. Empiricism not only encouraged but required reliance on our senses. This was in direct opposition to Plato’s epistemological view that had dominated for a millennium. This shift from Plato’s rationalism to scientific empiricism had significant ramifications for philosophy. While before this time there had always been collaboration between science and philosophy and religion, there had been no real distinction between them. Now, empirical knowledge served as a way of testing philosophical knowledge. This would ultimately lead to their incompatibility and their eventual separation. This separation is largely attributed to Galileo, one of the major figures during the Scientific Revolution. Even in his time, Galileo was a renown scientist and a philosopher. While he relied heavily on empirical methods in his studies of physics and astronomy, he also depended on rational thinking in his use of mathematics. It was through his combined use of empirical observations and rational thought that he confirmed the Copernican view that the sun was the center of the universe. However, the Copernican heliocentric worldview conflicted with the dominant geocentric view espoused by philosophers from the time of Aristotle. Making matters even more complicated was the fact that philosophers couched this dispute as a religious matter arguing that a heliocentric worldview went against the teachings of the Bible. As the geocentric view had been adopted by the church, the heliocentric worldview was branded as heresy. Galileo, certain of the physical truth of his heliocentric paradigm and at the same time devout in his religious beliefs, worked to reconcile this conflict by divorcing the church from â€Å"purely physical matters, where faith is not involved. By working to separate science, philosophy, and religion, Galileo was attempting to reestablish the compatibility of science and religion. Despite Galileo’s attempts, the conflict between scientific and religious worldviews is still evident today. The epistemological tradition of today has created a dominant worldview based on evidence. As during the time of Galileo, this worldview has at times conflicted with widely held religious beliefs. This divide, empiricism vs. faith, has become an increasingly prominent conflict in American politics. A recent announcement by GOP presidential candidate, Rick Perry highlights this divide. Rick Perry recently publicly declared his disbelief in the theory of evolution in favor of intelligent design. The theory of evolution is an explanation of the origin of life widely supported across numerous scientific disciplines. Though science and empiricism overwhelming supports the theory of evolution, it does not largely accepted by the populace. The controversial nature of evolution has emerged because, once again, a â€Å"purely physical matter† has been politicized as a religious matter. Rick Perry’s views on evolution illustrate a larger phenomenon in U. S. politics. That is, views regarding the evolution/intelligent design conflict tend to be politically divided. Intelligent design or faith based arguments are generally forwarded by conservative Republicans such as Rick Perry. Evidence based empirical arguments, such as evolution, are championed by liberal Democrats. Science has become political as conservatives are aligned with religion.

Team Player Essay -- Short Story Track Running Essays

Team Player It is a cold, wet October morning in Slippery Rock, PA. The school bus carrying 50 sleeping high schoolers pulls into a gravel parking lot, joining a crowd of buses and vans already lining the edge of a vast grassy field. A never-ending white line is painted on the short-clipped grass marking a trail. It follows the outside of the expanse, along the parking lot, beside the road, up and down the hills and valleys, and through small patches of trees and brush at the far end of the field. Football goalposts crown the crest of a hill in the distance and white wooden posts guard the insides of the curves of the white line. As the bus driver turns off the motor, the girls begin to stir and sit upright in their seats. They wipe the beads of condensation from the inside of the windows and look outside, absorbing this beautiful scenery. A few begin to talk to the person sitting next to them. Others stretch and let out loud groans. This is the morning they have been preparin g for since the summer months: this morning, this very group of girls will try to prove themselves as the highest-ranking, fastest-running cross country team in western Pennsylvania. Soon, this calm field will be overtaken by swarms of coaches, runners, parents, and officials. As the morning moves on, more and more people gather around the tents that have popped up between areas of the course. After about two hours of preparation, the teams start gathering near the starting line for the first race. First to run are the boys’ junior varsity teams, followed forty minutes later by boys’ varsity. And then it’s my turn. Coach LeDonne gathers all of the girls on the JV team around him in front of our duck-y... ... that I gave as much to the team today as any other girl walking in those doors with me. And at that moment I realize that I contributed an equal amount to the victory as the first runner or the fourth runner, or the last runner on my team. Perhaps running is my secondary duty for the team. Maybe it is equally important that I helped Amy push up that hill in her race as it is important that I finished my own race with an average personal time in mine. Even though the team as a whole may value speed over every other quality, I realize that it isn’t necessarily the most important for every runner. The team could never run well without a steady support, a push from behind to run up the steepest hill. I was never meant to be the fastest runner on the team. But I could still have that same importance by being a proud, supportive member of the team.

American Citizenship and Immigration Essay -- Immigration Citizenship

Today the Society is split into three separately minded groups. In no specific ordering, the first is determined to believe that any one person born in the United States is a citizen and which means their parents should become citizens along with them. These are the ones whom obtain â€Å"birthright citizenship† (Raul). The second are firm believers in the only ones that should be citizens are the ones who go through the proper process of becoming a citizen and according to the article in â€Å"USA today,† it states that illegal immigrants are â€Å"having babies as a way to obtain citizenship,† which too many Americans â€Å"cheapens the whole idea of being American†. The last group is the â€Å"other† the ones whom are completely neutral or believe in the beliefs of the first or second group but not down to the word. Possible if they believe the child should get birthrights but not the parents, only the child and mother should get them, or if the y believe that they should get them but still have to work through the proper process to receive them to their full extent. The effects that â€Å"anchor babies† have on society are characterized by how it has changed, how it is misinterpreted, what it takes away from the citizens today, how the supreme court is responding to the effect, and how we as United State citizens can change the outcome of the effect. â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United States† is part of section one of â€Å"the 14th Amendment†(Walpin). The amendment was adopted in the United States in eighteen sixty-eight. When this was first adopted, according to the fourteenth amendment website, it was done so during â€Å"Post-Civil War reforms focused on injustices to Africa... ..."The Debate Over 'Anchor Babies' And Citizenship." Talk of the Nation (NPR) (n.d.): Newspaper Source. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. . Raul, Reyes. "Not very American: 'Illegal by birth'." USA Today n.d.: Middle Search Plus. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. . Walpin, Gerald. SPECIAL TO THE WASHINTON TIMES. â€Å"14th Amendment neer meant for illegals.† Washington Times, The (DC) (2010): 1. Newspaper Source. EBSCO. Web 10 Nov. 2010. THE WASHINGTON, TIMES. "Anchor babies away." Washington Times, The (DC) (2010): 2. Newspaper Source. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=4KB5201008160421 04610016&site=src-live&scope=site.

Stepmom: About Death and Dying

Movie Review: Stepmom By: For: November 16th, 2010 REL201 The film step mom beautifully portrays the effects death and dying can have on a family. Even one like the Harrison's, where the parents are split up, and and a new women has come into Luke's live. Their will always be different ways of coping with death and that is shown through all the characters, be it strong willed like Luke and Jackie, negatively and dramatically like the daughter Anna, or positively and unaware like the son Ben. All these different ways of coping make this film an ideal one to view the different ways one can cope.Throughout the film Stepmom death is shown as both a negative and positive affecting occurrence. When the main character Jackie Harrison is first told that her diagnosed cancer has became much worse, she is spiteful and hate-filled. She resents the fact that her recently divorced husband is now getting married to a younger woman, she is also angry that her marriage to Luke didn't work out, and i s also saddened at the fact that she will never live to see her children grow up. The positive aspects of death in this film is that Jackie soon realizes that she has to come to grips with her inevitable death.This allows her to live her remaining months in peace with her children and even become happy with Luke and Jena Malone getting married. In the circumstance on Jackie Harrison, death is not presented as a natural part of the life cycle. Cancer, is a modern problem with no modern cure as of yet. It endangers and ends many young lives throughout the world. Jackie was already diagnosed with cancer a year before, however, when she went for a re-evaluation it was found that the cancer had re-appeared and had intensified in her body. This shows that cancerous cells can begin to form at anytime in one's body and is not a atural part of the life cycle. In the case of Jackie there are two sides. At first when re-diagnosed she is very fearful. Not for herself, but rather for her childre n. Jackie is afraid that she will not be able to see her children again, and be able to watch them grow up and lead fulfilling lives. She is delivered more bad news at a dinner by her ex-husband. Luke tells Jackie that he is to marry Jena Malone. Jackie is angered again and can not bare to tell Luke that she is in fact dying of cancer and will not be around to raise their children. Another scene depicting anger is after Ben falls off the play structure and eeds stitches.At the hospital she tries to see her son, but Jena is already there comforting him. He asks Jena to sing her a song because â€Å"Mommy always does† (Stepmom). As Jackie looks on from outside the room Jena sings for Ben and she is angered by this and goes home and has a fit in her home. Jena uncovers Jackie's secret through a conversation they have at her home. She tells Jena that she is infect going to L. A. to see an oncologist for treatment. Jena is saddened to hear that the ex-wife is dying of cancer and a sks â€Å"are you dying? â€Å", to which Jackie replies â€Å"Not today†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Stepmom). This in turn affects Luke who is the next o find out and thus feels guilty. He feels as though it should have been him and not Jackie. They decide to tell the children about the cancer together and this scene provides the most dramatic effect of the movie. Ben takes the news very lightly and is intrigued as to what his mom is enduring, there is a doubt as to how much Ben knows about the situation. He thinks it's less serious then it actually is. The daughter Anna, is immediately angered by the news and storms off. As she heads upstairs Luke yells â€Å"You do not run out on your mother†, and she replies â€Å"No that's your job† (Stepmom).This scene is important because it shows how the family as an entirety deals with death. The message of the film Stepmom is too fully appreciate one's life to the fullest while you can, and to truly live like you we're dying. It also h as many family values attached to the death process. Jackie who has always enjoyed her children now see's the reasons to why she is truly enjoying them. After hearing that her cancer has got worse she decides to stay home and take time with to be with her family. Luke even becomes more involved with her as her condition worsens, something he never did when they we're together and she was healthy.A kind of ironic tragedy. It also portrays that Jackie will never be able to be replaced as the children's mother but Jena can do more by being there for them while they live on without Jackie. In one of the lasts scenes Jena and Jackie make amends and realize that the kids won't have to choose and that they could love them both. â€Å"I have their past, and you can have their future† (Stepmom) is what Jackie says in comfort to Jena. The white dove that Ben always asks about has dual meaning throughout the film. Ben believes every magician needs a white dove, but the dove in fact symb olizes freedom and life.The symbolism of the dove also has heavy meaning towards Jackie. It would represent her long after she is gone and would be the confidant of the young Ben. In the final scene at Christmas time, Jackie is at this point very ill. When Ben comes upstairs to Jackie's room to get his present from her she is alone in a chair. She smiles and gives Ben a magician's cape to continue living his childhood dream of becoming one someday. She then goes downstairs after Anna comes to get her, and helps Luke, Jena and Ben perform a magic trick to uncover the white dove in the cage underneath the magician's cape.It is symbolic because this white dove will represent Jackie and her continued support of her son long after she is gone. Stepmom was a great film to watch in terms of understanding how a family can cope with death and dying. It shows the contrasts of family values, ways of coping with death and also the support system a family can have throughout times of crisis. Eve n though Jackie and Luke were no longer together they found a way to make things work when the children and Jackie needed it the most. It is inspiring to see such love and compassion in a difficult situation, even when at the eginning of the film there was nothing but resentment towards each other, a common bond, brought them together and closer then ever, even if it was a negative one. Cancer continues to be a serious threat for today's modern society and we must continue the fight against to someday have a cancer free earth.Bibliography: I) Stepmom, DVD, Directed by Chris Columbus, (1998) Columbia Pictures, Hollywood. California II) http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569562/pdf/jnma00195-0137. pdf Heather M. Butts,JD,MPH III) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stepmom_(film) IV) http://www. mediacircus. net/stepmom. html

Chemical Reactions in Our Daily Life Essay

Science being a subject of common interest, it is very intriguing to analyze visual experiments happening in day-to-day life. There are a plethora of products that you use everyday, which are formulated with application of chemical reaction. Say for example; toothpaste, soap, shampoo, cleaning agent, etc. are all results of chemical reactions. Following are some of the most profound chemical reactions, which we encounter in everyday life : Aerobic Respiration Do you know indulging in physical movements is associated with a chemical reaction? The process requires energy, which is yielded by aerobic respiration. Over here, respiration helps breaks down glucose (an energy source) into water, carbon dioxide and energy in form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The balanced cellular respiration equation is represented as: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2+ 6H2O + Energy (36 ATPs) Anaerobic Respiration Due to overexercising, sometimes our body cells run out of oxygen and respire anaerobically. This cause synthesis of lactic acid and cause muscle cramps. Anaerobic respiration is observed in some bacteria, yeast and other organisms. In contrary to the aerobic type, it breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen, resulting in production of ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy. Anaerobic respiration equation is: C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants manufacture their own food. This occurs in presence of sunlight and other raw materials, namely carbon dioxide and water. The chlorophyll pigment harvests the light energy from sunlight, which is then converted into glucose by the phenomenon of photosynthesis. In short, it is the opposite of aerobic respiration. The equation for photosynthesis is: 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Rusting of Iron Very often, you notice a coating of rust over unpainted iron surfaces, which gradually leads to disintegration of iron. This is nothing, but a chemical phenomenon called rusting. In this case, iron (a very reactive metal) combines with oxygen in presence of water (more precisely, atmospheric moisture), resulting in formation of iron oxides. The chemical reaction behind rusting can be simply represented as: Fe + O2 + H2O → Fe2O3. XH2O Propane Grill Have you ever prepared meat in a propane grill? The meat placed over the burner is cooked with the help of heat energy released after burning of propane gas. Thus, propane is the reactant which when burnt with the help of oxygen gives heat energy and other byproducts. Check out the balanced equation for the combustion reaction that take place in a propane grill: C3H8 + 5O2 → 4H2O + 3CO2 + energy Whether you consider cooking, souring, fermenting or burning, there is a chemical reaction accompanying these everyday processes. Thus, it won’t be wrong to say learning chemistry and chemical reactions start at home.

Presenting, Assessing and Reviewing Essay

As a teacher my roles responsibilities and boundaries, would be spread over a broad spectrum of areas and tasks and in preparing for, delivering, assessing and reviewing the courses I would deliver, applying the P. A. R. (Present, Apply, Review) principles not only in the direct delivery of my subject but as a broader ethos surrounding my whole teaching cycle. On employment with a provider my initial responsibilities would be to review the Protocols, rules and regulations of the establishment which are the most fundamental boundaries, to review the contents of existing courses (or units for art and design courses) that were already being provided in my subject area of photography , examining the associated schemes of work and lesson plans to ensure that I had a good grasp of what I was expected to teach, ( it may be impossible to assimilate all of this information in one go , but I would go into each session having researched what I am expected to know and impart to the students). Drawing from my own experience I would offer to open a dialogue (using course data) with my colleagues and peers, be they fellow tutors or superiors, to see where the delivery could be strengthened, via its content (syllabus non-withstanding) timing structure , scale, location and facilities on offer. This would be with a view to improving course numbers and positive learning outcomes which is a core responsibility. A boundary here would be if I were employed in a role which did not allow this kind of input, a barrier would be the annoyance of staff who have already delivered photography courses or units (as I have little teaching experience) so consideration and good interpersonal skills would need to come to the fore. This information would feed into my role of preparing my own subject ‘schemes of work’, it would be my responsibility to analyse the requirements of the syllabus, making sure that I understood it myself by carrying out research to bring myself up to date I would then work out how to break it down into its constituent parts and how relate it to my learners in enjoyable and manageable chunks over the duration of the course. Boundaries here are set out by awarding bodies for the qualifications I would teach, such as the amount of contact time, the length of time allowed for a learner to complete the course, what written work is required i. . assignments, essays or dissertations as well as how it is assessed. The amount of practical work and how it is assessed may also be set externally. When setting out schemes of work I would also need to consider as boundaries:- †¢ What kind of learners will be attending, what will be their motivations, what will their baseline achievement levels be, how broad will the spectrum of attainment be? †¢ What equipment will be required and how will I make it available to everyone? †¢ Where each session is to be delivered, its impact on what can be taught and how it can be taught? †¢ When each session is delivered, what condition the learners will be in, how will it impact on their concentration and what kind of practical work will be viable? †¢ How long is the term and are there any holidays, placements, visits and other trips? Having set out my schemes of work, I would then review them with my colleagues if the setting out had not already been a collaborative effort. Depending on the circumstances there also might be the opportunity to feedback to whichever body (or senior member of staff) sets the syllabus, with new ideas or fresh perspectives on the course contents. At this point I could give a clear insight into the courses I would be delivering and how it would fit into the broader theme of being a learner, I would be able to use this in my role as a spokesman for my subject area or faculty during marketing events such as open evenings and school visits, again feeding back information about new areas of interest, ways of getting better uptake of courses by analysing dialogue or questionnaires filled out. In my role as a Tutor I will conduct interviews with prospective students myself, (or they may be conducted by someone else) where I will be responsible for assessing whether they which of my courses would be most suited to them, if they may need to carry out further learning, either alongside doing the course or in preparation for it and if they require support in regard to disability, inance, childcare or any other barrier that would prevent them from fair access to the course. From this meeting and after enrolment an initial Individual Learning Plan is agreed. Using the framework of my ‘Schemes of Work’ I will then use the information from the Individual Learning Plans to tailor my lesson planning to the students needs and strengths and encouraging improvement in their weaker areas, using Visual, Aural and Kinaesthetic (V.  A. K. ) means, Making best use of their prior learning, promoting equality and celebrating diversity. Once students have started a course with me I would be responsible for their health and safety, I would make them familiar with all aspects of health and safety relevant to Photography Practice, and the policy of the college or institution, these are boundaries put in place to protect all, providing a safe and supportive place to study and work. These would also form part of the ground rules in my sessions, It would be my role to enforce them as it would be to abide by them, examples would be to establish what is suitable subject material, what constitutes correct handling of equipment , respect for others, no shouting, swearing, no sexism or racism either in images or verbally. I would present this information as I would with the rest of my course content using V. A. K. modes of teaching in as enjoyable a format as possible, clearly setting out the aims and objectives. Personal boundaries would need to be set out as I could well be teaching people of the same age as me, or anyone of 16 years or older, fraternisation outside of contact time could be seen as favouritism or abusing my position. Another important boundary would be to recognise the appropriate amount of help I should give to an individual learner, assisting students to access relevant services in college but avoiding inappropriate contact and making sure that my actions are not to the detriment of my students. I would strive to create a supportive learning environment for my learners while teaching theoretical and practical aspects of photography, I would introduce each session with a clear aims and objectives, assess what knowledge the group has of the topic, Sharing my Knowledge via demonstrations, videos or lectures, giving opportunities to discuss and explore the topic via V. A. K. learning modes, allowing them to apply their learning with hands on work, demonstrating their learning to each other, myself and themselves making sure that hands on time extends their knowledge and maximises learning potential. I would use informal testing methods such as questions and answers or a quiz to assess retention before finally reviewing the learning. Written and practical assignments , formal testing either set by the awarding body or myself would be used in part to assess the learning, It would be my role to use this data in tandem with informal testing (Q&A, Quizzes, etc), observation, peer review and self assessment and progress meetings with individual students. It would be my responsibility to see that these assessments are carried out properly, and without bias, making sure that handed in work was assessed with the same care that I would like my own work to be assessed and kept safe, free from damage and in accordance with the institutions’ data protection policy. On a session to session basis it would be my responsibility to ensure all of the administration relating to the students was up to date, in good order and reached the correct departments in the learning institute (or external body). Records such as the attendance register are not only kept for safety reasons (to establish the whereabouts of an individual, during a fire or other emergency and as part of a broader duty of care to students) but to monitor learners attendance so it meets the minimum requirements for the course. If not, correct assessment would not possible and the student’s opportunity to learn would also be compromised, falling below the minimum accepted attendance would be a boundary to the student’s success. I would also keep records on student progress, behaviour and performance (including which learning methods stimulate them the most. ) and use them with the results from both formal and informal assessments to adjust my lesson planning not only during the session as it happens, but fine tuning future lesson plans to match the rise and falls of student insight into, retention and application of the subject. During this fine tuning process I would also take account of my own reflections on the session, (Review) has my communication (spoken, written or by demonstration) triggered the correct response in the learner? Have I listened correctly and understood the students? (Feedback is only useful if it is understood,) In addition I would consider input from my peers (assessment) as to whether my delivery and the structure of the course needs to be amended during the period of its current delivery (Present). At the end of the course I would use this information and the students’ completed portfolios to assess and review what improvements can be made in the presentation of the next teaching year cycle. The principle of P. A. R. (Presenting, Assessing and Reviewing) is used on several different forms, In my preparation to become a trainer, In my extended role as a spokesperson for my subject or college and as a tutor within individual sessions, dealing with students and their immediate interaction with the subject and my delivery of it, then again in preparation and evaluation of courses I would run in the session to session cycle and during the yearly teaching cycle.

The Geography of Russia and Neighboring Countries Essay

The Geography of Russia and Neighboring Countries - Essay Example However, the Russian-speaking group forms more than half of the population followed by Ukrainians, then Uzbeks. There are also other smaller ethnic tribes within the country including Tatar, Bashkir and Chuvash. The country has a population of 142, 470, 272 people with a growth rate of 0.03%. Estimates place the birth rate at 11.8 per 1000 with an infant mortality rate of 7.08 per 1000 infants. The federation has a life expectancy of 70.16 years and 21.5 population densities per square kilometer. According to 2010 estimates, Russia has a 99.70% literacy level. The statistics are almost similar to those of the neighboring countries, especially the Scandinavian countries in east Europe or west of Russia. The federation of Russia recovered from a whole decade of post-Soviet political and economic turmoil to reposition as a world power. The Soviet Union comprised of several countries, precisely fifteen, which included the Russia republic and Scandinavian countries. The religious people of Russia and its neighboring countries can be categorized into Russian orthodox, Christians and Muslims (Kort 30). Russia and neighboring countries are lavishly endowed with natural resources. The federation produces 20% of world’s natural gas. Oil is also available and a valuable commodity in the country. It is self-sufficient in all key industrial raw materials (Blinnikov 60). It also has reserves of less vital, but nevertheless valuable, natural resources, including gold and diamonds. Russia and the neighboring countries are generously furnished with agricultural productive environment. Blinnikov (70) indicates that the neighboring Scandinavian countries provide more than 10% of worlds forest cover. The country encloses all of the vegetation zones in the world except tropical rain forest. The coldest weather is found in the east and north of the country. Extreme weather is nastiest from April

Advanced financial accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Advanced financial accounting - Essay Example With increasing rate of globalization,it is quite essential to introduce required changes in the accounting standards to incorporate international uniformity.Until 2006,different nations had enjoyed the freedom to use distinctive financial accounting standards that best suits the requirement of their local stakeholders. However, with businesses becoming international, the distinction between domestic and foreign stakeholders should be resolved. This can only be possible if uniformity can be introduced in existing accounting standard. Considering such requirement, International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Boards (FASB) had decided to develop a commonly conceptual framework for financial reporting. These two organizations worked hand in hand to develop the discussion paper. In May 2006, they issued the discussion paper as Preliminary Views on an improved Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting: The Objective of Financial Reporting and Quali tative Characteristics of Decision-useful Financial Reporting Information. The board (IASB & FASB) asked people to provide their suggestion about the conceptual framework. Initially people resisted this proposal because the approach of UK and US financial standards are different from each other. Both these have a different definitional for stewardship. In the given proposal, the concept of stewardship has given second priority that disturbed the investors’ confidence. Considering the response received from different organisations and people, the board (IASB and FASB). After considering the response received from the investors and other bodies, board has published an improved Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting in form of exposure draft. This draft covers the objectives as well as the qualitative characteristics of financial reporting information. The final version of both Chapter 1 and 2 was formulated by September 2010 and it got finally published in November 2010. While publishing the final version, board has also published the feedback received on exposure draft. In the given easy, the development of proposal given by IASB will be discussed in further details. The responses received by this proposal will also be discussed so that one can understand how and why people criticised the proposal when it was offered by the board. For better understanding, it will be compared with ASB Statement of Principles (1999) to determine what will be the implication of the changes on different stakeholders in US as well as in UK. Development of IASB proposals After considering the changing global business environment, in October 2004, International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) decided to jointly develop a conceptual framework that will be based on existing IASB framework as well as FASB Conceptual Framework (International Accounting Standards Board-a, 2006, p.8). As per the plan, the project would f ocus on concepts that are applicable on business entities operating in the private sector. The plan was to expend the proposal to cover other sectors such as ‘not for profit organisation’ operating in the private sector. The project was to be executed in two segments, at first the board was supposed to develop convergence in the conceptual framework and improving areas like â€Å"objectives, qualitative characteristics, elements, recognition, and measurement† associated with the framework. In the second half, priority would be given to issues that should yield short term benefit to the board. The board decided to formulate and to present the finding in a summarised manner for further discussion (Deloitte Global Services Limited, 2010, â€Å"

Interactions And Dynamics Within the Communication On a TV Program Term Paper

Interactions And Dynamics Within the Communication On a TV Program - Term Paper Example The main type of non-verbal and verbal dynamics that come into play in the television series will be explained. Goals One of the most important goals of this paper is to analyze the television series Survivor and explain the interactions and dynamics within the series. The paper seeks to observe small groups of people who work together and are involved in communication so as to achieve the objectives of what they are working on. In the episode of Survivor series watched, it was clear that the characters needed to communicate so as to achieve the goals that had been set out for them. Survivor is a television program produced in many countries across the world. The show depicts contestants who are isolated in the jungle or wilderness as they compete for prizes such as cash. In the show, the contestants are constantly observed so as to determine the contestants who are able to overcome the challenges and follow the instructions that they are give. The contestants are eliminated one by o ne when they fail on performing crucial tasks such as effective communication. One of the major qualities that are tested in the contestants of the show is the ability to communicate. The contestants are usually put together in groups or teams and required to deal with their tasks or challenges as a team. They are supposed to work together to achieve common goals. Communication is thus very important among the members of these teams if they are to win the challenge (Burnett& Martin, 2000). This paper will observe the interactions and dynamics within the communications taking place in the television series. The paper is aimed at clearly describing the verbal and non-verbal dynamics that come into play in the television series. The paper also aims at looking at the behaviors of... This paper approves that the Survivor TV program employs huge communication dynamics in ensuring that the entire series irrespective of the country set, turns out to be what it should be. This means that a lot of communication dynamics are employed in the production and ultimate creation of the program. The communication has to be as interactive as it ought to be so that viewers can get an active chance to view and enjoy the series and its episodes. Communication plays a great role in the program. All the participants are expected to take time to understand instructions at both individual and team level. Once they have, they have an active chance of mapping those instructions into a winning strategy. This strategy is as a result of both the verbal and non verbal communication that is displayed by participants. At each and every stage, human conflicts arise as a result of the very many issues that make up human beings. This article makes a conclusion that the teams that have come up with a communication strategy that encompasses all that they stand for are successful in their tasks. Communication takes a distinct path from listening to instructions, to understanding what they mean. This then moves to asking questions and query clarification at each and every point in the event that something was not clear. It is important to understand that communication dynamics are best seen in the results after communication has occurred. This means that participants irrespective of what they felt when being addressed understood what was expected of them and what they were required to do.

Role of Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Role of Management Accounting - Essay Example Apart from collecting, recording and reporting the financial matters, the main role that the managerial accounting plays is of the budget. The budgets are a major aspect of an organization. It is the vital organ in the industry that controls the overheads and makes certain the preparation of an organization for the upcoming period and challenge. Budgets function as analysts that outline the prospect as to how the company is going to dwell in the upcoming phase. Without a strategic planning, an organization cannot carry on. The budget helps the company to ensure that the spending limits are adequate. Speaking about the managerial and financial accounting, the basic difference between them is that the managerial accounting interprets the people working in a specific organization. It analyzes the work that is going on and also plans for the work that would take place, aiming for a better future of the company as they do so. Whereas, the financial management relates to the effective use of money that can be utilized and maximize the value of the firm as well. They are the base on which the profit making of the whole company depends. They are the protectors of the company’s assets and strengthen the accountability, exhibiting on how the financial supplies are utilized. Thus, managerial accounting plays a fundamental role in the success of an organization. It requires awareness and skills to outline the challenges that are faced by the company. Overcoming them and organizing them helps a business to prosper and interact with other business organizations more fluently and more

Online Shopping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Online Shopping - Essay Example Though online shopping has some disadvantages it is better as compared to physical shopping. Time factor is the most important factor to consider when focusing on advantages of online shopping. It saves more time when doing online shopping than in the physical shopping. One can easily buy multiple of products in just a minute rather than spending more time moving to different shelves to look for products physically. An individuals needs to have an electronic gadget which can connect him or her to internet and access products over the net. One can use a computer or IPad or Smartphone to carry out the shopping. In doing the online shipping an individuals can click using the mouse, multiple products and make the payment at once. The time spend in carrying out shopping physically is more which can be used in other business. Time is money and with online shopping an individual can place order of many products in few seconds and carry out other important business. An individual also can search for the product he or she needs within the shortest time in different online sites. It is time saving to carry out online shopping and individual should consider buying things online in order to save time (Ships2door 2). The products are provided at lower price in online stores than the physical stores. The cost of storage and service providers salary is cut in online shopping and that is why many organizations offer products cheap than in stores. The online stores do not need the seller to pay for electricity, rent, cashiers and this reduces the cost of products. An individual can also buy products in a different country with good prices. The cost of transport is also saved when doing online shopping, an individual does not need to travel to the stores in order to get the product but he or she can make the shopping even at the bedroom. It is relatively cheap to make shopping online than shopping at the stores and

Personal Statement For University Essay Example for Free

Personal Statement For University Essay My intended major is Economics. My main interest in Economics lies in the field of macroeconomics and the principles that are involved. Macroeconomics has a way of showing how different policies are intertwined; such has policies in Healthcare regarding retirement benefits to how the world’s interest rate plays a role in our daily banking activities. When I graduated from kindergarten, I lived in Shanghai for a while because of my father’s job. At that time, of course I could not speak Chinese so I faced language barrier. However, I had such as experience so I have been interested in Chinese and other countries’ culture from my parents’ influence. I started to learn English, French (when I was junior high school student) and Chinese (when I was high school student) and I went to classroom which is for studying Japanese for foreigner country children to assist. To be interested in learning foreign languages lead me to be interested in foreign countries’ culture and also I felt strongly interested in economics such as what my country economy is, how economic growth is going on in the world, if America economics situation changed, how it influenced to the world and so on with age. From that I started to be interested in activities of international authorization and it led me to be interested in the United Nations. On 12 May, 2008 Sichuan earthquake made me focus on world economics more than before. The earthquake killed many children. I had strong impact when I watched on TV. Some parents said â€Å"My child died because of school building is an old! Children who are rich could go good quality building school so they could survive! This is not a Natural disaster! This is Man-made disaster! †. Some of children â€Å"I want to say thank you to my school to save my life†. It told the gap between rich people and poor people. I had very big mistake thinking that in China’s economy is growing up very much so I thought the gap between rich and poor is going to disappear. I want to remove this gap so I want to study about world economics and I want to work for United Nation. I am not a greedy or selfish person. I am driven, straightforward and ambitious. I know what I want to be in life and I know how to get what I want. I too have come to love consumerist America and all the creature comforts that it promises to those who can afford them. While I have no intention of becoming a Donald Trump, I do wish for a comfortable life for myself and my family. To be able to provide for my family and to ensure that my children will also have the same opportunities to succeed in life as I have by getting a good education at not only the college level but a Masters degree as well in their chosen professions.

The Theory Underpinning One Intervention With A Dually Diagnosed Client Nursing Essay

The Theory Underpinning One Intervention With A Dually Diagnosed Client Nursing Essay Dual diagnosis has been described as one of the most significant problems facing the health services (Phillips et al 2010). The term was first used in America in the 1980s and in its most basic elements describes someone who has a combination of a mental illness and substance misuse problem. Dually diagnosed patients are often frequent users of emergency services and of in-patient care (Bartels et al 1993). There is also a much higher rate of offending and imprisonment amongst this group (Yesavage and Zarcone 1983 cited in Menezes et al (1996). Yesvage and Zarcone cited in Menezes (1996) believe that alcohol and drug misuse interact with the symptoms of psychotic illness to produce a more severe acute illness. Due to the complication of treatment approach recovery is often slower than a psychotic episode uncomplicated by substance abuse. This places a great burden on resources and staff (Drake et al 1993), which is corroborated by the London survey (Menezes et al 1996) discovering on average that this group of patients spends almost twice as much time in hospital than those without a substance misuse problem. Clients with the most severe psychiatric disorders tend to have the highest rates of co-occurring substance use disorders (Drake 2007). It has been well documented that the co-existence of severe mental health and substance misuse problems are common (Regier et al 1990; Krausz et al 1996; Menezes et al 1996 cited in Graham 2003). Prevalence figures vary across studies however the latest study by Weldon and Ritchie (2010) estimate the lifetime prevalence rate of substance abuse amongst persons with severe mental illness at 50%, which is 4.6 times higher than that of the general population (Blanchard et al 2000). One of the challenges of mental health providers is how best to meet the needs of this group of clients (Graham 2003). The most recent government guidance is one of integrated treatment whereby the treatment for drug and alcohol problems are provided primarily within mental health services, integrating this with the treatment of mental health problems (DoH 2002). This is to be provided by one team and involves a flexible combination of treatments targeting the specific needs of those diagnosed with co-morbid severe mental illness and substance misuse (Horsfall 2009). Researchers and clinicians have developed a number of interventions that combine, or integrate mental health and substance abuse interventions (Drake et al 2007). An example of one element of integrated treatment is Cognitive- Behavioural Integrated Treatment (Graham and Carnwath 2004). C-bit incorporates an integrated approach with personalised formulation to deliver improved treatment outcomes to dual diagnosis patients. The focus of this essay will be on the use of C-bit (Graham and Carnwath 2004) and its application with a client who has been has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and alcohol problems. For the purpose of this essay and confidentiality his name has been changed to David. C-bit can be split into 4 distinct phases, Engagement and Building motivation, Negotiating some behaviour change, Early relapse prevention Relapse management. The essay will concentrate on negotiating behavioural change and what this entails. The author will then compare its effectiveness with an alternative approach. An introduction to C-Bit Hermine Graham (2004) describes C-bit as a psychological multi-purpose tool designed specifically for people with both a mental illness and a problematic substance misuse. It was developed from CBT which had a strong evidence base for mental health (Grant et al 2004) and substance use problems (Conrod and Stewart 2005). The evidence base of CBIT in dual diagnosis remains poor as studies have tended to focus on engagement and building motivation as appose to the maintenance of change that CBIT encompasses (Callaghan and Jones 2010). However early studies would suggest that the skilful use of analysis, disputing cognitions and homework assignments improve the skills required to promote abstinence including self-efficacy in finding, establishing and maintaining appropriate support networks (Rassool 2002). CBIT follows the cognitive model and treatment approach (Graham 1998, 2003). A clients beliefs about substance misuse are often linked to their own experience of mental health problems. David would often say in therapy that the side effects of his anti-psychotic medication made him feel over sedated and this had a knock on effect in social situations. He found that alcohol improved this and allowed him to integrate better in social situations. By continuing to use alcohol it was maintaining a negative maintenance cycle. Graham (2004) identifies three key aims of CBIT with dual diagnosis patients. The first concentrates on client and therapist identifying and challenging unrealistic beliefs about substance misuse and substituting them with alternatives that aim to break negative maintenance cycles. The second facilitates an understanding of the link between substance misuse and mental health problems and thirdly CBIT aims to give the client the ability to self-manage substance misuse and recognise the early signs of relapse. Although there are 4 distinct steps in treatment approach the flexibility of the treatment means a client does not need to progress through them all. The harm reduction philosophy that underpins the intervention (Heather et al 1993) puts more emphasis on a client setting more realistic goals and achieving these. Although flexibility is a key asset of CBIT it would be wrong to assume there was no structure to therapy sessions. In later sessions especially, before commencing a sess ion client and therapist must set an agenda to discuss which ensures key areas are discussed (Graham 2004). In practice, teams trained in the use of CBIT tend to use the general principle of the approach rather than the distinct components or techniques (Graham et al 2006). The author believes this shows the flexibility of the therapy and therapists and clients find what proves useful to them . Graham et al (2006) also discovered that when trained members of the team used various assets of CBIT, engagement increased, alcohol intake was reduced and a reduction in alcohol-related beliefs. The study however noticed similar findings when the client had been seen by teams that had not yet received CBIT training suggesting that CBIT alone was not responsible for the change in behaviour and belief. However, qualitative information recorded from the teams staff suggested that treatment integration increased over the course of the study, and that CBIT was a useful tool for integrating planning substance misuse treatment. Qualitative information from the team managers suggested that CBIT training i mproved the ability of teams to address substance use by themselves, rather than avoiding substance issues referring clients to specialists. Achievable Goal setting Following treatment phase one the client will be able to identify some of the negative effects of substance misuse. David could recognise the negative effect that alcohol use had on his ability to find any form of employment and how he had no real supportive social network besides drinking companions. Graham (2004) highlights that in treatment phase two it is probably too early for a client to consider complete abstinence. David was beginning to make links with the amount he drank and the negative effects he was having. Due to this he negotiated with the therapist that he would reduce his alcohol input by stopping all spirits but remaining on his strong lager. This follows the harm reduction philosophy that there are several levels in which change can occur that would reduce the negative impact it causes to the client. David identified his long-term goal as eventually getting some form of employment. Following treatment phase one David was able to see the impact excessive impact alco hol was having on his ability to make appointments on time (if at all), and how this would have a negative effect on any chance of employment. Graham (2004) suggests that for a client to get to this long-term goal a series of short term harm reducing steps need to be identified by the client in therapy that will in-turn have a positive impact upon his life. David had already agreed to stop drinking spirits but further steps included reducing contact with fellow drinkers, attending all appointments on time, getting his body back into a work routine. These steps would move David closer to the eventual long term goal and give him the belief that this was achievable. The therapist found that the use of the recovery star was a useful tool with aiding the client identify and plan how to achieve these goals. The recovery star helps both client and therapist measure change and visually see progress made. At times when David struggled to achieve goals it provided an opportunity for discussio n on how to change the approach. David found the tool useful in between sessions where he could refer back to past successes to give him the confidence to continue. On reflective sessions what proved important for David was to identify and discuss possible obstacles that he may experience in trying to achieve his goals and to recognise that if things do not go as planned it should not be automatically assumed to be a failure. Simmons and Griffith (2009) believe that there is never a failure but an opportunity to learn and do things differently. Behavioural Experiments By treatment phase two of CBIT the client will have identified an unhelpful thought, the nature of which will be maintaining a negative maintenance cycle. David had begun to plan harm reduction goals to reduce the negative aspects of his substance misuse however there was clearly some situations he was avoiding, and some underlying maladaptive thoughts there were perpetuating his problems. To address this the therapist and David discussed and designed a Behavioural Experiment. Beck (1995) believes that BEs strengthen an intellectual belief by helping the client test out alternative beliefs and thoughts in practice in order to gain evidence to discover the validity of a belief . Beck (1979) believed through altering behaviour a cognitive change occurs. BEs are significant as a means of explicitly targeting belief change through experience and as such offer prime opportunities for sustained therapeutic change (Padesky 2004). David held the belief that if he did not drink alcohol he wou ld appear boring and no-one would have any time for him. For this reason when David was going to be in the company of anyone he would drink excessively, therefore getting intoxicated became a safety behaviour. By allowing a client to see what will happen if they drop safety behaviour and then testing out what actually happens in that situation proves to be a powerful challenge to unhelpful assumptions (Whitfield and Davidson 2007). Sloan and Telch (2002) support this view adding that experiments target safety behaviours result in significantly greater changes than exposure alone. Safety behaviour may seem helpful and protective to a client but can lead to maintenance cycles of maladaptive processes perpetuating the initial belief. If a threat is not disconfirmed the maladaptive cognition continues (Salkovskis 1991, Sloan and Telch 2000, Clark 1989, Salkovski et al 1998). The notion of experimentation, derived from scientific principles, can be applied to the patients experience of t he therapeutic process and it is this active experience which can be so meaningful; the validity of a new cognition being generally more memorable when followed through from conceptualisation to active experience (Westbrook 2007). Once the evidence contradicts the initial belief it allows the client and therapist to explore the validity of new more adaptive beliefs (Westbrook et al 2007). David and the therapist designed an experiment in which he would limit his alcohol approach and would then engage in general conversation in his local pub. Initial experiments gave David the confidence to build on further experiment supporting the work of Bennett-levy (2004) who believe early experiments increase confidence and independence BEs can be active, where the patient takes the lead role in either real or simulated situations to test the validity of thoughts, or observational, where data is gathered. Lewin and Kolb propose a learning cycle in which it suggests that for learning and retenti on to be enhanced the client must build upon knowledge and understanding gained through the experiment which in turn forms a foundation for the next step of the experiment. (Lewin 1946; Kolb 1984). The five key aspects of this learning cycle, Experience, Observation, Reflection, Planning and then further experiment underpins BE work. Establishing supportive social networks In the field of substance misuse social factors are seen as important in the onset, aetiology and maintenance of substance misuse (Graham 2004). David recognised that as his alcohol intake increased the friends he associated with were also using alcohol regularly. This supports the work of Drake (2004) who identified that clients with both severe mental health problems and substance misuse problems would have social networks of solely fellow substance users. David felt increasingly isolated from anyone outside of this network as his behaviour would draw attention towards himself. Trumbetta et al (1999) suggest that for anyone to make changes in substance misuse they need to reduce contact with such peers. Healthier networks need to be formed which provide positive support where there is excessive substance misuse is not the norm (Drake 1993a). David identified his sister as someone who was willing to and who he would like as a supportive person away from mental health services. In cr isis David could contact his sister who could give him some level of support. Graham (2004) emphasises the importance of working closely with family members as they often know very little about dual diagnosis problems. David was only close with his sister. The rest of his family had isolated him due to his substance misuse. Ideally psycho-education information is often given in the group setting as family members may benefit from the experience and support of fellow members (Graham 2004). Davids sister became a key figure in Davids recovery and was encouraged to attend sessions on psycoeducation so she could best understand the problems associated with dual diagnosis clients and how best she could support David. Limitations of its use Prochaska and DiClemente (1992) recognised certain barriers to treatment for dual diagnosis patients in regards to therapeutic engagement, treatment continuance and goal setting. In the case of CBIT it makes assumptions of a certain level of coping skills and ability to facilitate cognitive change. Symptoms of schizophrenia can inhibit a clients impetus to change behaviour (Horsfall et al 2009). Negative symptoms which have a negative effect on motivation and energy affects individuals internal drive to initiate the complex behavioural routines needed for abstinence (Ballack and DiClemente 1999). An integrated treatment approach incorporating CBIT does not make dramatic changes in the short term, it is a long term therapy. Evidence based studies are always plagued by attrition rates as clients relapse or do not return to the study. This may suggest that CBIT may suffer from the same poor treatment compliance/attendance. For clients who complete a full programme of treatment 10-20 per cent achieves a stable remission of their substance use problems per year (Graham 2004). This seems a low figure for the intensive input required on the part of the therapist and client. Bellack and Gearon (1998) believe the therapist must become tolerant of this client group dropping in and out of therapy and abstaining then relapsing. Davids attendance was at times sporadic but the therapist never criticised him for this but used it as a platform for discussing problems experienced through the week. Drake et al (2001) suggests the importance of assertive outreach teams in retaining clients within programmes. Hellerstein et al (1995) cited in Philips et al (2010) highlight that without this input dropout rates may be high, especially amongst those identified as having difficulties participating in treatment. Alternative approaches The evidence base for dual diagnosis is still in its infancy. Those studies completed have limited generalisation due to methodological issues such as heterogeneous samples, equivocal descriptions of treatment components and high attrition rates (Weldon and Richie 2010). Horsfall et al (2009) recognises that due to a lack of longitudinal studies long term outcomes have yet to be determined. It also proves difficult to compare C-Bit with alternative interventions as C-Bit is not used in a vacuum it is often used in conjunction with other therapies such as pharmaceuticals of motivational interviewing. Kemp et al (2007) found a significant improvement in substance use in dual diagnosis patients when CBT and MI principle were combined. For the purpose of this essay the author will briefly look at one main alternative approach to dual diagnosis, that of motivational interviewing. Motivational interviewing Treasure (2004) describes MI as a patient centred counselling approach that facilitates the patient in resolve and explore ambivalence about behaviour change. The theory of MI centres on the cycle of change and its six components, precontemplation, contemplation, decision, action, maintenance of change and relapse. Miller and Rollnick (1994) describes motivation as something that one does as appose to something that one has. Empathy is vital in the therapeutic relationship and the use of MI. If the client believes the therapist has no appreciation of their experience they are likely to dis-engage or not fully commit to therapy. Rassool (2002) believes active listening also has an important role in MI. Reflecting back to the client their thoughts, fears, hopes and doubts give a feeling of genuineness, trust and empathy. In MI it is important not to offer advice , give judgement or attempt to question. The reason for behavioural change should be acknowledged and stated by the client. M I proves an effective therapy in dual diagnosis if delivered effectively. The therapist needs to avoid confrontation as this will lead to client denial, the role of the therapist as expert proves counter-productive and structured answer formats will inhibit the client in recognising the effects of their substance misuse. Motivational styles that guide a client in discovering alternative ways of thinking about their problems results in positive change (Miller and Rollnick 1991). By combining elements of style and technique MI has proven successful in dual diagnosis patients and has a developing evidence base. It proves difficult to contrast MI with CBIT as both complement each other so well and have similar approaches. Both are based on a collaborative relationship with clients, both incorporate a non-judgemental approach and both are approaches are built on empathy, warmth, trust and positive regard (Rogers, 1991). Both approaches also incorporate socratic questioning techniques encouraging the client to discover alternative meanings of their experience (Padesky and Greenberger 1995). One of the key differences is when it is best to use either technique. Those following a transtheoretical model of change may use MI when the client remains undecided about change in the precontemplation and contemplation stage whereas CBIT can be adopted when the client is more committed to change (Treasure 2004). This would support the work of Drake et al (2001) who after studying the work of a number of researchers believe that to enhance attendance and utilisation of treatment motivation interventions a re important. Conclusion The research on the impact of CBIT as a therapeutic intervention is still in its infancy. Some anecdotal evidence would suggest it provides the skills necessary to promote abstinence (Rassool 2002). Qualitative information gained from Grahams (2006) study suggests CBIT proved a useful tool for integrating and planning substance misuse. Due to the complex nature of dual diagnosis it seems unlikely that a single intervention will have the desired effect of meeting all the clients needs. Kemp (2007) supports this finding an improvement in substance misuse when MI and CBIT were combined. Due to this there has been a shift towards the integration of interventions delivered by mainstream mental health services (DOH 2002, 2006;Rassool 2002; Ziedonis et al. 2005). Some of the strongest treatment effects have come from combining a number of approaches (Barrowclough et al 2001; Bellacket et al. 2006).